Biotinylated Rat GDF15 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling) 2113

Additional Information:
express systemE.coli|product tagN-His|purity> 95% as determined by Tris-Bis PAGE|backgroundGrowth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), also known as NSAID activated gene-1 (NAG-1), is associated with a large number of biological processes and diseases, including cancer and obesity. GDF15 is synthesized as pro-GDF15, is dimerized, and is cleaved and secreted into the circulation as a mature dimer GDF15.|molecular weightThe protein has a predicted MW of 13.68 kDa. The protein migrates to 14-17 kDa under reduced (R) condition and 25-30 kDa under Non reducing (N) condition based on Tris-Bis PAGE result.|available size100 g, 500 g|endotoxinLess than 1EU per g by the LAL method.|Biotinylated Rat GDF15 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling) 2113proteinSize and concentration100, 500g and liquidFormLiquidStorage InstructionsValid for 12 months from date of receipt when stored at -80C. Recommend to aliquot the protein into smaller quantities for optimal storage. Please minimize freeze-thaw cycles.Storage bufferShipped with dry ice.Purity> 95% as determined by Tris-Bis PAGEtarget relevanceGrowth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), also known as NSAID activated gene-1 (NAG-1), is associated with a large number of biological processes and diseases, including cancer and obesity. GDF15 is synthesized as pro-GDF15, is dimerized, and is cleaved and secreted into the circulation as a mature dimer GDF15.Protein namesGrowth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15)Gene namesGdf15,Gdf15 SbfProtein familyTGF-beta familyMass10116DaFunctionHormone produced in response to various stresses to confer information about those stresses to the brain, and trigger an aversive response, characterized by nausea and/or loss of appetite (PubMed:28846099, PubMed:28953886, PubMed:31928886, PubMed:34187898, PubMed:37060902). The aversive response is both required to reduce continuing exposure to those stresses at the time of exposure and to promote avoidance behavior in the future (By similarity). Acts by binding to its receptor, GFRAL, activating GFRAL-expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem (PubMed:28846099, PubMed:28953886, PubMed:37060902). It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which constitutes part of the ’emergency circuit’ that shapes responses to stressful conditions (PubMed:37060902). The GDF15-GFRAL signal induces expression of genes involved in metabolism, such as lipid metabolism in adipose tissues (By similarity). Contributes to the effect of metformin, an anti-diabetic drug, on appetite reduction and weight loss: produced in the kidney in response to metformin treatment, thereby activating the GDF15-GFRAL response, leading to reduced appetite and weight (PubMed:37060902). Required for avoidance behavior in response to food allergens: induced downstream of mast cell activation to promote aversion and minimize harmful effects of exposure to noxious substances (By similarity). Produced in response to anticancer drugs, such as camptothecin or cisplatin, promoting nausea and contributing to malnutrition (By similarity). Overproduced in many cancers, promoting anorexia in cancer (cachexia) (By similarity). Responsible for the risk of nausea during pregnancy: high levels of GDF15 during pregnancy, mostly originating from embryos, are associated with increased nausea (By similarity). Maternal sensitivity to nausea is probably determined by pre-pregnancy exposure to GDF15, females with naturally high level of GDF15 being less susceptible to nausea than female rats with low levels of GDF15 before pregnancy (By similarity). Promotes metabolic adaptation in response to systemic inflammation caused by bacterial and viral infections in order to promote tissue tolerance and prevent tissue damage (By similarity). Required for tissue tolerance in response to myocardial infarction by acting as an inhibitor of leukocyte integring activation, thereby protecting against cardiac rupture (By similarity). Inhibits growth hormone signaling on hepatocytes (By similarity).Subellular locationSecreted. Note=Secreted in the plasma.TissuesDetected in plasma (at protein level).StructureHomodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Interacts with GFRAL and RET; ligand of GFRAL, which mediates GDF15 internalization and cellular signaling through interaction with RET via the formation of a 2:2:2 ternary complex composed of GDF15, GFRAL and RET (By similarity).Target Relevance information above includes information from UniProt accession: Q9Z0J6The UniProt Consortium|